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 =//1789-1900's Supreme Court// = by Josh and Christian

=__Time-line __= of significant effects of the supreme court

**1794** Following being appointed the ambassador to England, chief of justice john Jay travels to negotiate Jay's treaty.

**1795** John Jay is elected governor of New York, and resigns his post as chief justice to begin his new job.

**1800** The Court is barely able to function with the most missing from the bench. Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth is in France, William Cushing is sick, and Samuel Chase is away in Maryland, working on the campaign for President John Adams's reelection.



**1800** The nation's capital moves to Washington, D.C. With the low value the supreme court is held at, no building is planed to be built, instead are moved else where.

**1801** President John Adams appoints Chief Justice John Marshall. By many considered to be the best chief of justice. He would serve until death in 1835.

**1803** The Court issues the decision Marbury v. Madison, declaring sections of the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. Would be the first use of the doctrine to invalidate federal legislation on the fact it is not constitutional Jeffersonian Republicans vote to impeach Justice Samuel Chase, who is later brought back by the senate. His acquittal sets a strong political precedent for an independent judiciary and for judicial discretion.
 * 1804**

**1810** Fletcher v. Peck marks the first time the Supreme Court names a state law unconstitutional. In voiding an act by the Georgia legislature repealing a corrupt land grant made by state legislature, the Court rules that Georgia has violated the Contract Clause of the Constitution. President James Madison appoints Joseph Story to the Court. Story remains the youngest justice ever to have served on the Court, only 32 at the time.
 * 1811**

**1816** In Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, the Court shows its power by overturning the court of Virginia.



In Dartmouth College v. Woodward, the Court rules that the Contract Clause of the Constitution protects the corporate charter,keeping Dartmouth from interference by New Hampshire's state legislature.
 * 1819**

**1824** Court revokes law of new York giving only exclusive steamboat license to run along the river between New York and New Jersey

**1832** In Worcester v. Georgia The court rules in favor of the Cherokee Indians, in that their land is theirs unless they themselves hand their land to the US. President Jackson then orders the removal of Indian which causes the Trail of Tears.

**1832** President Andrew Jackson vetoes legislation to recharter the Second Bank of the United States, claiming the bank is unconstitutional.

**1833** In Barron v. Baltimore, holding that the Fifth and other amendments in the Bill of Rights apply only to the federal government and not to the states.

**1835** Following Chief Justice Marshall's death on July 6, President Jackson nominates Roger Taney, a former member of Jackson's cabinet as well as an aid on the second bank attack, to fill the position. The Taney Court issues its first major decision, Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge. Giving Warren Bridge Company the right to build an additional bridge across the Charles River in Boston.
 * 1837**

**1842** In Prigg v. Pennsylvania, a divided Court overturns the conviction of Edward Prigg, a slave-catcher that had attempted to catch a slave on free territory. Is overturned because it denied runaway slaves the right to recover their slaves. The Court supports a Pennsylvania law requiring that boats entering the Port of Philadelphia either employ a local pilot or pay a fee. The decision in Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia states that the law does not conflict with the Commerce Clause of the Constitution granting Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce because the commerce affected by the law is entirely local in nature. The Court issues in Dred Scott v. Sandford, 7-2 in favor of Sandford, because of the fact that slaves are deemed things, not citizens, as a result, can not sue in the court of law. The Court moves out of the basement of the Capitol and into the old Senate Chamber where it remains until moving into its present building in 1935. Justice John A. Campbell resigns the Court to join the Confederates. Later becoming an attorney in the slaughter house cases.
 * 1852**
 * 1857**
 * 1860**
 * 1861**

**1863-1869** The Republican Congress expands the Supreme Court from nine to 10 justices allowing President Abraham Lincoln to make additional appointments. In 1867, political feud with President Johnson leads to the reduction to eight. After Johnson's death in 1869, Congress returns the Court to nine justices, the number it has held ever since. Chief Justice Taney dies. President Lincoln appoints Salmon P. Chase, a former abolitionist, as Chief Justice. The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, is enacted.
 * 1864**
 * 1865**

**1866** The court decides to overturn a decision on a man who was convicted of supporting the confederacy.The decision in Ex parte Milligan, delivered after the end of the Civil War, holds that President Abraham Lincoln violated the Constitution, when he authorized military tribunals and suspended the writ of habeus corpus during the war. Lambdin P. Milligan, tried and convicted of conspiracy in one such tribunal, is freed.

**1868** The newly ratified Fourteenth Amendment makes all people born or naturalized in the United States citizens of the country.

**1869** Congress enacts a law permitting justices to retire at full salary after serving for at least 10 years if they have not turned 70. Before this no benefits were held anfter retirement of the court.

**1870** The last of the Civil War Amendments, the Fifteenth, is enacted.

President Ulysses S. Grant appoints Morrison Waite Chief Justice.
 * 1874**

**1876** In Kohl v. United States, the decision holds that the government may seize private property in order to construct roads or other public facilities.

**1877** Five Supreme Court justices participate in a joint electoral commission to end a stalemate in the contested 1876 presidential election. Rutherford B. Hayes, winning their vote 8-7.To not oppose this vote, southern Democrats make Republican majority in Congress promise to not the rights of black Americans against southern states.

**1877** The Court's decision in Munn v. Illinois upholds a state law setting a maximum price for the storage of grain in Chicago. Denouncing the claim by one grain shop owner that the law went against the fourteenth amendment.

**1882** Senator David Davis, introduces a special bill in Congress to allow Associate Justice Ward Hunt early retirement benefits if Ward resigns from the Court within 30 days of the bill's passage.

**1883** The Court strikes the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which had prohibited racial discrimination by hotels, theaters, and other forms of public accommodation. With the clam that the federal government can not forbid discrimination on privately owned property.

**1888** President Grover Cleveland appoints Melville Fuller Chief Justice.

**1890** The Court decides, New York may continue the electric chair to execute criminals. With the argument that the electric chair is not a "torture or lingering death" securing it follows the eighth amendment.

**1891** Since the Judiciary Act of 1789, Supreme Court justices no longer have to sit in circuit courts. The circuit courts are formally abolished in 1911.

**1896** The Courts Plessy v. Ferguson is to uphold the Louisiana statute that requires "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races." Would later be overturned by Brown v. the board of education.

**1898** The Court upholds a Mississippi law requiring citizens to pass a literacy test before being allowed to vote. Making the argument that such tests do not violate the Fifteenth Amendment as long as they are applied equally to all applicants.

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= Chief Justices = = = =__**Impact Photos**__ = = =
 * 1) John Jay (1789 – 1795) [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg width="137" height="175" align="center" caption="File:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg"]]
 * 2) John Rutledge (1795 - Dec. 15 1795)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/John_Rutledge.jpg width="106" height="148" align="center" caption="File:John Rutledge.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/John_Rutledge.jpg"]]
 * 3) Oliver Ellsworth (March 8, 1796 – 1800)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/OliverEllsworth.jpg width="135" height="182" align="center" caption="File:OliverEllsworth.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/OliverEllsworth.jpg"]]
 * 4) John Marshall (1801 – 1835)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CJMarshall.jpg/446px-CJMarshall.jpg width="153" height="204" align="center" caption="File:CJMarshall.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/CJMarshall.jpg"]]
 * 5) Taney, Roger B. Roger B. Taney (1836 – 1864)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Roger_Taney_-_Healy.jpg width="159" height="196" align="center" caption="File:Roger Taney - Healy.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Roger_Taney_-_Healy.jpg"]]
 * 6) Salmon P. Chase (1864 – 1873)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Salmon_Chase%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait_ca1855-1865.jpg/531px-Salmon_Chase%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait_ca1855-1865.jpg width="195" height="217" align="center" caption="File:Salmon Chase, Brady-Handy photo portrait ca1855-1865.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Salmon_Chase%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait_ca1855-1865.jpg"]]
 * 7) Morrison Waite (1874 – 1888)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg/495px-Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg width="183" height="219" align="center" caption="File:Chief Justice Morrison Waite.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg"]]
 * 8) Melville Fuller (1888 – 1910)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg/381px-Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg width="251" height="393" align="center" caption="File:Melville Weston Fuller Chief Justice 1908.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg"]]



 __**Glossary**__
 * 1) Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) - the highest judicial body in the Unites States, and leads the federal judiciary: consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed with the "advice and consent" (majority vote) of the Senate.
 * 2) Docket - Also called trial docket. a list of cases in court for trial, or the names of the parties who have cases pending.
 * 3) Judicial - pertaining to judgment in courts of justice or to the administration of justice: //judicial proceedings; the judicial system//.
 * 4) Jurisdictions - the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility.
 * 5) Appellate court - any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trail court or other lower tribunal. In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts.
 * 6) Supreme Court - (also called a //court of last resort//, //instance//, or //judgment//; or //high// or //highest court//) is in some jurisdictions the highest judicial body within that jurisdiction's court system, whose rulings are not subject to further review by another court
 * 7) Civil Code - a systematic collection of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law.
 * 8) Codification - the act, process, or result of arranging in a systematic form or code.
 * 9) Judiciary - (also known as the judicial system or judicature) is the system of courts which interprets and applies the law in the name of the sovereign or state, provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes and interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case.
 * 10) Chief Justice of the United States - the head of the Unites States federal court system (the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States) and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States; he is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * 11) Legislation - a law or a body of laws enacted
 * 12) Civil and political rights - a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted government action and ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression.
 * 13) Electoral Commission - refers to a committee in charge of electoral affairs (an election management body)
 * 14) Habeus Corpus - a legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from their unlawful detention or that of another person, also protects individuals from harming themselves or from being harmed by the judicial system
 * 15) Tribunal - any person or institution with the authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes
 * 16) Commerce - a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer.
 * 17) Commerce clause of the constitution - states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes".
 * 18) Ambassador - the highest ranking diplomat representing a nation; he or she is usually accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization.
 * 19) National supremacy - When national law takes precedence over state law.
 * 20) Due process of law - the principle that the government must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person according to the law
 * 21) Federalism - a political concept in which a //group// of members are bound together with a governing representative head
 * 22) Arbitration - The process by which the parties in a dispute submit their differences to the judgment of an impartial person or group appointed by mutual consent
 * 23) Consulate - the premises officially occupied by a consul, often residing in a foreign city.
 * 24) Covenant - A binding agreement made by two or more persons or parties.
 * 25) Dred Scott vs. Sandford - commonly referred to as The Dred Scott Decision, was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be citizens of the United States

=__**Articles **__= <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 210%; text-align: center;"> Dred Scott SCOTUS decision
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Death Penalty SCOTUS cases 1878-1989 <span style="color: #6f5a35; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and other various important cases
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 * @http://www.landmarkcases.org/mcculloch/home.html

Marbury v. Madison <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #808000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
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=__**<span style="background-color: #008080; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 210%; text-align: center;">Fellow classmates wiki's **__=

Elaine and Nicole - http://moneybanking.wikispaces.com/MoneyandBanking Hannah and Billy - http://apushreform.wikispaces.com/ Amanda and Cindy - https://tariffs.wikispaces.com/ Mallory and Brandon - http://womeninamericanhistory.wikispaces.com/ Janessa and Sarah - http://1789-1900leisure.wikispaces.com/ Claire and Mariah - http://labor1789-1900.wikispaces.com Mindy and Dahlia - http://daliamindy.wikispaces.com/ Nick and Matt - http://apushimmigration.wikispaces.com/ Jet and Patrick - http://usterritory.wikispaces.com/ Chase and Scott - http://religion-apush.wikispaces.com/ Didi and Clinton - http://warsthroughtime.wikispaces.com/ Jinan and Lidia - http://african-americans-1789-1900.wikispaces.com/ Zach and Andrea - http://americanpanics.wikispaces.com/American+Panics Jeff and Ryan - http://website-project.wikispaces.com/ Derek and Kevin - http://apushmovement1789-1900.wikispaces.com Maryjean and Michelle - https://indianpolicies.wikispaces.com/ Nicole and Elaine - https://moneybanking.wikispaces.com/MoneyandBanking